Department of Biology

1. fact
2. theory
3. inference
4. hypothesis

1. bipolar cells, ganglion cells, photoreceptors.
2. ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptors.
3. photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells.
4. photoreceptors, ganglion cells, bipolar cells.

1. Bring substrates
2. Provide the activation
3. Stabilize a charged transition
4. Bind a transition state more tightly than the substrates.

1. exocytosis
2. endocytosis
3. simple diffusion
4. facilitated diffusion

1. B cells make antibodies against pollen.
2. Pollen binds to antibodies on mast cells.
3. Histamine causes itchy eyes and a runny nose.
4. Complement proteins make holes through which mast cells release histamine.

1. spermatid.
2. spermatogonium.
3. primary spermatocyte.
4. secondary spermatocyte.

1. low energy electrons from water become high energy electrons in NADH.
2. high energy electrons from water become low energy electrons in NADH.
3. low energy electrons from NADH become high energy electrons in water.
4. high energy electrons from NADH become low energy electrons in water.

1. actin.
2. myosin.
3. troponin.
4. tropomyosin.

1. are not used to make proteins.
2. are rarely used to make proteins.
3. can be made by biochemical pathways in the body.
4. be obtained from multiple-vitamin supplements.

1. mother to fetus.
2. air in the alveoli to blood.
3. blood to air in the alveoli.
4. blood to exercising muscle.

1. allergies.
2. autoimmune diseases.
3. primary immunodeficiency diseases.
4. acquired immunodeficiency diseases.

1. progesterone levels fall.
2. the corpus luteum breaks down.
3. the endometrium is shed in menstruation.
4. All of the above.

1. DNA.
2. sucrose.
3. cellulose.
4. fatty acids.

1. The amount of NADPH made by the chloroplast would decrease.
2. The amount of carbohydrate made by the chloroplast would increase.
3. There would be no ATP available to make carbohydrate in the dark reactions of photosynthesis.
4. There would be no ATP available to split water molecules in the light reactions of photosynthesis.

1. LH
2. ADH
3. GnRH
4. growth hormone

1. gastrin.
2. insulin.
3. secretin.
4. angiotensin.

1. increased blood flow.  
2. increased temperature.  
3. attack by phagocytic cells.
4. constriction of blood vessels.

1. 5' ATGGCCTA 3'
2. 5' ATGGCCAT 3'
3. 5' ATGCGCTA 3'
4. 5' ATGCCGAT 3'

1. hydrophilic; cell-surface
2. hydrophobic; cell-surface
3. hydrophilic; cytoplasmic or nuclear
4. hydrophobic; cytoplasmic or nuclear

1. Estrogen
2. Testosterone
3. Progesterone
4. All of the above

1. Replication origins are rich in A and C nucleotides.
2. Replication origins are rich in A and T nucleotides.
3. Replication origins are rich in C and G nucleotides.
4. Replication origins are rich in C and T nucleotides.

1. They activate cytotoxic T cells.
2. They recognize antigens presented by HLA proteins.
3. They stimulate the proliferation and antibody production of B cells.
4. They secrete proteins that make holes in the membranes of infected cells.

The parts of the heart and the vessels are correctly identified as:

1. 3 = vena cava; 4 = aorta; 9 = right ventricle.
2. 1 = left atrium; 3 = pulmonary vein; 4 =aorta.
3. 3 = vena cava; 5 = pulmonary artery; 9 = left ventricle.
4. 1 = right atrium; 3 = pulmonary vein; 4 = pulmonary artery.

1. hepatic artery.
2. inferior vena cava.
3. hepatic portal vein.
4. hepatic portal artery.

1. FSH
2. hCG
3. Estrogen
4. Oxytocin

1. Lipase
2. Lactase
3. Maltase
4. Pancreatic amylase

1. 3’ to 5’; 3’ to 5’
2. 3’ to 5’; 5’ to 3’
3. 5’ to 3’; 5’ to 3’
4. 5’ to 3’; 3’ to 5’

1. Intermediate filaments and microfilaments facilitate transport, but microtubules do not.
2. Microtubules and intermediate filaments facilitate transport, but microfilaments do not.
3. Microtubules and microfilaments facilitate transport, but intermediate filaments do not.
4. Intermediate filaments, microfilaments, and microtubules all facilitate intracellular transport.

1.  veins.
2.  arteries.
3.  venules.
4.  arterioles.

1. using more realistic serving sizes.
2. making Calorie counts more prominent.
3. showing how much trans fat the food contains.
4. showing how much sugar is added by manufacturer.

1. permeable; less and less
2. impermeable; less and less
3. permeable; more and more
4. impermeable; more and more

Because of this difference, glutamic acid, but not glutamine, can make:

1. ionic bonds.
2. covalent
3. hydrogen bonds.
4. hydrophobic

1. cadherins.
2. desmosomes.
3. hemidesmosomes.
4. tight junctions.

(Use the genetic code table to answer this question.)

1. 4
2. 8
3. 12
4. 16

1. Limit cholesterol
2. No need to limit total fat
3. Focus on healthy dietary pattern
4. Limit added sugars, salt, saturated fats

1. I have hypotension.
2. I have hypertension.
3. my diastolic pressure is 120 mmHg and my systolic pressure 80 mmHg.
4. my systolic pressure is 120 mmHg and my diastolic pressure 80 mmHg.

1. that the cell is big enough.
2. that all the DNA is replicated.
3. that the DNA is not damaged.
4. that the environment is suitable.

1. Myoglobin makes slow-twitch muscle fibers red.
2. Myoglobin binds O₂ at concentrations at which hemoglobin releases O₂.
3. Myoglobin increases the efficiency of muscles that are used in short bursts.
4. Myoglobin releases bound O₂ at higher O₂ concentrations than hemoglobin does.

1. grains, proteins, and oils.
2. fruit, vegetables, and oils.
3. grains, proteins, and dairy.
4. sugars, grains, and vegetables.

1. follicle.
2. endometrium.
3. hypothalamus.
4. anterior pituitary.

1. A zygote is larger
2. A zygote is smaller
3. A zygote has more chromosomes
4. A zygote consists of more than one cell

1. arginine.
2. glycine.
3. proline.
4. serine.

(Use the genetic code table at the end of this exam.)

1. centrioles.
2. centromeres.
3. centrosomes.
4. kinetochores.

1. in red blood cells.
2. in the blood plasma.
3. in capillaries surrounding the alveoli.
4. while bound to amino groups on hemoglobin.

1. Trans fat
2. Animal fat
3. Saturated fat
4. Unsaturated fat

1. low viability of sperm or eggs.
2. lack of sperm or egg production.
3. anatomical abnormalities that prevent sperm and eggs meeting.
4. all of the above.

The parts are correctly identified as:

1. 1 = renal artery; 3 = glomerulus; 5 = tubule.
2. 1 = renal artery; 3 = glomerulus; 4 = tubule.
3. 1 = collecting duct; 4 = renal artery; 5 = tubule.
4. 1 = renal artery; 3 = Bowman's capsule; 5 = tubule.

1. increases; into
2. decreases; into
3. increases; out of
4. decreases; out of

1. Two, one on each homologous chromosome
2. Four, one on each sister chromatid in a pair of homologous chromosomes
3. Eight, one on each sister chromatid in a pair of homologous chromosomes
4. Eight, one on each DNA strand of each chromatid in a pair of homologous chromosomes

1. ionic
2. hydrogen
3. covalent
4. hydrophobic

1. stay in the ER.
2. are made on free ribosomes in the cytosol.
3. begin to cross the ER membrane while still being made.
4. are transported across the ER membrane after their synthesis is complete.

1. adult stem cells.
2. embryonic stem cells.
3. hemopoietic stem cells.
4. terminally differentiated cells.

1. in red blood cells in place of oxygen.
2. in white blood cells in place of oxygen.
3. in red blood cells in place of carbon dioxide.
4. in white blood cells in place of carbon dioxide. 

1. ureter.
2. glomerulus.
3. collecting duct.
4. nephron tubule.

1. 15-20.
2. 20-25.
3. 25-30.
4. 30-40.

1. in vitro fertilization.
2. artificial insemination.
3. gamete intrafallopian transfer.
4. intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

1. NAD+
2. NADH
3. 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
4. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

When you stimulate neuron B, you observe that neuron A fires less often.

When you stimulate neuron C, you observe that neuron A fires more often.

Based on your observations, which of the following is most likely to be true?

1. Neuron B is inhibitory and causes neuron A to depolarize
2. Neuron C is excitatory and causes neuron A to depolarize
3. Neuron C is inhibitory and causes neuron A to hyperpolarize
4. Neuron B is excitatory and causes neuron A to hyperpolarize

1. trachea to larynx.
2. trachea to pharynx.
3. bronchioles to alveoli. 
4. bronchioles to trachea.

The βγ complex of the G protein activated by the receptor opens K ⁺ channels in the plasma membrane, which makes it harder to depolarize the plasma membrane. Which of the following situations would be most likely to increase the effect of acetylcholine?

1. A mutation in the K+ channel that keeps it closed all the time
2. A mutation the βγ complex that decreases its binding to the K+ channel
3. Addition of an analog of GTP that binds to the G protein but cannot be hydrolyzed
4. Recruitment to the plasma membrane of an activator of GTP hydrolysis by the G protein